Surely Allah has heard the word of the woman who pleaded with you concerning her husband and who complained to Allah, and Allah has heard both of your conversations, indeed Allah is All-Hearing, All-Observing.
This verse describes the incident of Khawla bint Tha‘labah, who was disputing with the Messenger regarding the Dhihar pronounced by her husband. It was Allah who appointed Khawla to argue with the Messenger so that verses concerning Dhihar would be revealed. Everything that happens in the universe occurs according to the decision of Allah, the Three-Time Knower. The following verses provide the ruling regarding Dhihar.
Since Khawla was disputing to seek a judgment, her argument was permitted. However, as stated in verse 40:56, “Indeed, those who dispute regarding the verses of Allah without any authority given to them harbor nothing in their chests except arrogance, which they will never attain. So seek refuge in Allah—indeed, He is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.” Likewise, as mentioned in verses 41:26-28, those who reject and dispute the verses of Allah are the hypocrites, who are the enemies of Allah. However, arguing by using the verses of Allah to establish their intended message, as willed by Allah, is considered Jihad (striving in His cause). See explanations of 29:46-49, 40:4-5, and 40:35.